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Writing (85)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Lugal-ki-GIN

The Sumerian name "Lugal-ki-GIN" is likely a misspelling of Lugal-kinishe-dudu, a king of Uruk and Ur from around the 25th century BC. The name can be broken down as Lugal ("king" or "big man"), ki ("place" or "earth"), and GIN (likely representing "kiginne" or "kinishe", meaning "of the people" or "of the community"). Therefore, the name could be interpreted as "king of the people of the land" or "king of the land".

Breakdown of the name

• Lugal: This Sumerian word translates to "king" or "big man".

Meaning

• The full name, Lugal-kinishe-dudu, likely means "king of the people" or "king of the community".

Historical context

• Lugal-kinishe-dudu: was a historical figure who reigned as king of Uruk and Ur around the 25th century BC.
• He appears in the Sumerian King List, which credits him with a 120-year reign.
  

ki: This word means "place," "earth," or "land".

GIN (likely "kiginne" or "kinishe"): This part is believed to mean "of the people" or "of the community".

Other similar titles, like Lugal-kalam-ma, translate to "king of the land".

 

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Writing (86)

Sumerian king list:

Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to Ur.
In Ur, Mes-ane-pada became king; he ruled for 80 years.
Meš-ki'ag-Nuna, son of Mes-ane-pada, became king; he ruled for 36 year.
Elulu ruled for 25 years.
Balulu ruled for 36 years. (mss. L1+N1, P2+L2 have
Four kings ruled for 177 years.

 

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Writing (87)

Sumerian king list:

what do we know about the city of Ur
Ur was a major ancient Sumerian city-state in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), founded around 3800 BCE, known for its large size, prosperity, and the towering Ziggurat of Ur. It reached its peak during the Third Dynasty of Ur (circa 2112–2004 BCE) before declining, eventually being abandoned around 500 BCE, partly due to the Euphrates River changing course. The city is also recognized in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as the birthplace of the patriarch Abraham.

Key characteristics and history

• Location and founding: Ur was a major city-state located in southern Mesopotamia, marked today by the ruins at Tell el-Muqayyar in southern Iraq. Its origins date back to approximately 3800 BCE.

Life in Ur

• Cosmopolitan and busy: Ur was a major and cosmopolitan city, with thousands of residents, bustling streets lined with shops, and specialized workers.
  

Sumerian city: The city was a prominent center of Sumerian civilization and a wealthy, bureaucratic state during the 3rd millennium BCE.

Ziggurat of Ur: One of its most famous structures is the Ziggurat of Ur, a large temple complex built for the moon god Nanna. It was originally constructed in the 21st century BCE and later restored by Nabonidus in the 6th century BCE.

Peak of power: Ur reached its greatest power under the Third Dynasty (circa 2112–2004 BCE), a period of significant building projects, territorial expansion, and a resurgence of Sumerian culture and literature.

Decline: The city's decline was a gradual process. Factors contributing to its abandonment included invasions, shifting trade routes, and the Euphrates River gradually shifting course, which led to the city's water source drying up. By 500 BCE, it was largely uninhabited.

Rediscovery: The site was rediscovered in the 19th century and extensively excavated in the early 20th century by Sir Leonard Woolley.

Abraham: Ur is religiously significant as the supposed birthplace of Abraham, a figure central to monotheistic religions.

Social structure: A clear social hierarchy existed, with rulers, priests, and officials at the top, followed by merchants, artisans, and farmers, and slaves at the bottom.

Royal tombs: The discovery of elaborate Royal Tombs of Ur provided insights into the city's wealth, revealing luxury goods made from precious metals and stones, indicating extensive trade networks.

Burial practices: Most residents were buried under their homes, but some high-status individuals were buried in elaborate tombs, sometimes with sacrificial attendants.

 

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Writing (88)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Mes-ane-pada

The Sumerian name Mes-ane-pada means "Young man chosen by An". It is derived from the components: mes ("young man"), an (the sky god An), and pada ("to find, chosen"). Mes-ane-pada was a prominent ruler and the first king of the First Dynasty of Ur.

• Mes: "Young man" or "hero".
• ane: Refers to the sky god An.
• pada: Means "to find," "to choose," or "nominated".

 

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Writing (89)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Meš-ki'ag-Nuna
The Sumerian name Meš-ki'ag-Nuna means "king of Ur" and refers to a historical king of the First Dynasty of Ur. The name is composed of "Meš-ki-aĝ," meaning "chosen by the gods," and "Nuna," which can be interpreted as "king of Ur" in this context. He was the son of Meš-Ane-pada, a king who ruled approximately between 2550 and 2490 BCE.

• Meš-ki'ag-Nuna: The historical king of Ur from the First Dynasty of Ur.
  

Meš-ki'ag: This part of the name means "chosen by the gods".

Nuna: In this context, this is interpreted as "king of Ur".

Meš-ki'ag-Nuna's legacy: He is known for making the Tummal flourish and bringing the goddess Ninlil to the Tummal, according to the Tummal Chronicle.

Family: He was the son of King Meš-Ane-pada of Ur.

Wife: His wife, Gan-Saman, dedicated a bowl to him, stating, "For (the life of) Meski'agnun, king of Ur".

 

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Writing (90)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Elulu

The word Elulu is not a typical Sumerian word with a common meaning, but refers to a historical figure: Elulu () was the third king of the First Dynasty of Ur. The name is likely related to the Sumerian word lullu, which means "humanity" or "man".

• As a name: Elulu is the name of a historical king of Ur, not a common noun.
  

As a potential root: The name may be a variation of the Sumerian word lullu or lu2-lu7, which means "humanity" or "mankind".

Confusingly similar name: Do not confuse this Sumerian king with the Akkadian ruler Ilulu, who was one of several rivals for the throne of Akkad after the death of Shar-Kali-Sharri.