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The Bronze age (8)

Near East​

West Asia and the Near East were the first regions to enter the Bronze Age, beginning with the rise of the Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer in the mid-4th millennium BC. Cultures in the ancient Near East practised intensive year-round agriculture; developed writing systems; invented the potter's wheel, created centralised governments (usually in the form of hereditary monarchies), formulated written law codes, developed city-states, nation-states and empires; embarked on advanced architectural projects; and introduced social stratification, economic and civil administration, slavery, and practised organised warfare, medicine, and religion. Societies in the region laid the foundations for astronomy, mathematics, and astrology.

 

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The Bronze age (9)

Near East Bronze Age divisions​

The Bronze Age in the Near East can be divided into Early, Middle and Late periods. The dates and phases below apply solely to the Near East, not universally. However, some archaeologists propose a "high chronology", which extends periods such as the Intermediate Bronze Age by 300 to 500–600 years, based on material analysis of the southern Levant in cities such as Hazor, Jericho, and Beit She'an.

• Early Bronze Age (EBA or EB): 3300–2100 BC
  • 3300–3000: EBA I
  • 3000–2700: EBA II
  • 2700–2200: EBA III
  • 2200–2100: EBA IV
• Middle Bronze Age (MBA or MB) or Intermediate Bronze Age (IBA or IB): 2100–1550 BC
  • 2100–2000: MBA I
  • 2000–1750: MBA II A
  • 1750–1650: MBA II B
  • 1650–1550: MBA II C
• Late Bronze Age (LBA or LB): 1550–1200 BC
  • 1550–1400: LBA I
  • 1400–1300: LBA II A
  • 1300–1200: LBA II B (Late Bronze Age collapse)

 

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The Bronze age (10)

Mesopotamia​

The Mesopotamian Bronze Age began c. 3500 BC and ended with the Kassite period c. 1500 – c. 1155 BC). The usual tripartite division into an Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age is not used in the context of Mesopotamia. Instead, a division primarily based on art and historical characteristics is more common.

The cities of the Ancient Near East housed several tens of thousands of people. Ur, Kish, Isin, Larsa, and Nippur in the Middle Bronze Age and Babylon, Calah, and Assur in the Late Bronze Age similarly had large populations. The Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC) became the dominant power in the region. After its fall, the Sumerians enjoyed a renaissance with the Neo-Sumerian Empire. Assyria, along with the Old Assyrian Empire (c. 1800–1600 BC), became a regional power under the Amorite king Shamshi-Adad I. The earliest mention of Babylon (then a small administrative town) appears on a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad in the 23rd century BC. The Amorite dynasty established the city-state of Babylon in the 19th century BC. Over a century later, it briefly took over the other city-states and formed the short-lived First Babylonian Empire during what is also called the Old Babylonian Period.

Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia used the written East Semitic Akkadian language for official use and as a spoken language. By that time, the Sumerian language was no longer spoken, but was still in religious use in Assyria and Babylonia, and would remain so until the 1st century AD. The Akkadian and Sumerian traditions played a major role in later Assyrian and Babylonian culture. Despite this, Babylonia, unlike the more militarily powerful Assyria, was founded by non-native Amorites and often ruled by other non-indigenous peoples such as the Kassites, Aramaeans and Chaldeans, as well as by its Assyrian neighbours.

 

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The Bronze Age (11)

Mesopotamia began producing bronze around 3500 BC, when the Sumerians of the Tigris and Euphrates valley accidentally created it by mixing copper and tin ores. The resulting alloy proved stronger and more durable than copper, making it ideal for making improved tools, weapons, and household items. This innovation led to the development of the Bronze Age in the region, a period marked by significant technological advances, the growth of urban societies, and improved agriculture, which fostered civilization.

How it happened:

Chance discovery:

One theory suggests that copper- and tin-rich rocks, used for building campfire rings, melted and mixed together in the heat of fire, creating the first bronze. Impact of Bronze in Mesopotamia:

Agriculture:

Sturdier bronze tools enabled more efficient farming, leading to increased food production and supporting the growth of sedentary farming communities.

Experimental Smelting:

Early metallurgists, probably while experimenting with different clays and ores, discovered that adding tin to copper produced a harder and more useful alloy.

Technological Advances:

The discovery and subsequent development of bronze advanced metalworking, enabling the creation of new tools and weapons that revolutionized labor and warfare.

Crafts and Warfare:

Bronze's harder and more durable properties made it superior for weaponry, leading to increased warfare, and for making tools used in the manufacture of household items, pottery, and other goods.

Urbanization and Trade:

The ability to produce more food and goods led to increased trade and the development of larger, more complex urban societies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

The Bronze Age:

The invention of bronze marked the beginning of the Bronze Age (c. 3300–1100 BC), a pivotal period characterized by the rise of early civilizations and new innovations in architecture, writing, and social structures.

 

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The Bronze age (12)
- Yes,it brought more violence on earth as the Bible says!

- As a consequence, Yah.weh decided to destroy mankind except Noah and his family!

- Now it is difficult to situate the flood in the process!

- I will have to investigate it!

- First, some angels went down on the earth!

- Second, they took control of the earth!

- They transmitted technology to human beings!

- This has allowed humans to make an unimaginable leap forward!

- A leap that even today they are incapable of conceiving!

- Which logically should allow us to perceive how limited humans are!

- I say it should allow us to perceive, but which, in fact, prevents us from perceiving it!

- A vicious circle that prevents humans from surpassing these limits!

- So, they are blind and will remain blind!