Welcome!

By registering with us, you'll be able to discuss, share and private message with other members of our community.

SignUp Now!
  • Welcome to Talk Jesus Christian Forums

    Celebrating 20 Years!

    A bible based, Jesus Christ centered community.

    Register Log In

Looking for Jesus according to Matthew

Writing (66)

Sumerian king list:
Do we know anything about the king of Kis, Tizkar, except from the Sumerian king list?

No, information about King Tizkar is not found outside of the Sumerian King List, as the search results do not mention this specific name. The king most consistently cited as being known from both the Sumerian King List and other historical evidence is Enmebaragesi. Enmebaragesi's reign is also confirmed by fragments of inscriptions from his time and references in later texts, which mention his capture of Elamite weapons.

King Tizkar in the Sumerian King List

  • The Sumerian King List does mention a king of Kish by the name of Tizkar.
Other Kings of Kish and Their Confirmation

  • Enmebaragesi: He is the first king of Kish mentioned in the Sumerian King List who is also confirmed by archaeological evidence. Inscriptions on vase fragments from his own time provide historical confirmation. He is also mentioned in the Tummal Chronicle and other literary references.
  • Other Kis Kings: While not listed in the Sumerian King List, kings such as Mesilim (who built temples in Adab and Lagash) and Enna-il are known from other archeological finds, though it's sometimes unclear if the title "King of Kish" refers to an actual ruler of the city or a different claim to importance.
The Purpose of the Sumerian King List

  • The Sumerian King List is not a purely historical document but a political work.
The list is an ancient document that includes a long line of kings and their reign lengths.

It was created to project a unified Mesopotamia and legitimize the rule of various dynasties, particularly the Akkadian Empire and later dynasties that followed, like the Ur III Dynasty.

The list blends mythical and historical periods, and the extreme lengths of reigns in the pre-Flood section indicate a literary construct rather than accurate history.
 
Writing (67)

Sumerian king list:
Do we know anything about the king of Kis, Ilku'u, except from the Sumerian king list?

Ilku of Kish was the twentieth Sumerian king in the First Dynasty of Kish, according to the Sumerian King List. His name does not appear in Early Dynastic inscriptions, meaning that he is unlikely to have been a real historical person.


Meaning of the Sumerian word Ilku'u

The term "Ilku'u" does not appear to be a known Sumerian word; instead, "ilku" is an Akkadian noun meaning "state service" or "duty". Sumerian and Akkadian are distinct languages from the same ancient Mesopotamian region, and while they are related, "ilku" is not Sumerian in origin.

Understanding ilku:

  • Akkadian Origin: The word ilku comes from the Akkadian language, an East Semitic language spoken in ancient Mesopotamia.
  • Meaning: It refers to state service or duty, typically performed in exchange for land or other resources provided by the state.
  • Examples: The concept of ilku is found in documents such as the Law Code of Hammurabi, which includes provisions related to this form of state obligation.
Difference between Sumerian and Akkadian:

  • Sumerian: The ancient language of the Sumerians, the people who established the first civilization in Mesopotamia.
  • Akkadian: A Semitic language spoken in Mesopotamia, which eventually became more dominant than Sumerian and borrowed many words and grammatical structures from it.
If you encountered "Ilku'u," it may be a misunderstanding, a variation in spelling for a similar word, or a loanword from Akkadian into a different context.
 
Writing (68)

Sumerian king list:

Do we know anything about the king of Kis, Ilta-sadum, except from the Sumerian king list?

Iltasadum of Kish was the 21st Sumerian king in the First Dynasty of Kish, according to the Sumerian King List. His name does not appear in Early Dynastic inscriptions, meaning that he is unlikely to have been a real historical person.
 
Writing (69)

Sumerian king list:

Do we know anything about the king of Kis, Enmen-baragesi, except from the Sumerian king list?

Meaning of the Sumerian word Enmen-baragesi

The name Enmebaragesi does not have a definitive single meaning, but interpretations vary between "Priest who permeates the throne" or "Crown fit for a ruler" and can also be seen as a combination of "Priest," "Throne," or "Ruler," and a term for "making a land submit". The name is associated with the first historical king of Sumer and a significant ruler of Kish who subdued Elam.

Possible Interpretations of Enmebaragesi

  • Enme-barag-esi (Priest who permeates the throne): This interpretation combines the possible meaning of "Enme" as "priest" or "priestly" with "barag" (throne/ruler) and "esi" or "baragesi," which some scholars suggest means "to permeate" or is a part of a name referring to a ruler who achieved great power.
Who was Enmebaragesi?

  • He was a historical king of the Sumerian city-state of Kish.
"Crown fit for a ruler": This is another interpretation that suggests the name is more metaphorical, referring to the king as a person who embodies a perfect crown or a symbol of royalty.

A description of his actions: Enmebaragesi is known for making the land of Elam submit, so parts of his name could reflect this victory and his role as a dominant ruler who subjugated other lands.

He is notable for being the first king mentioned in the Sumerian King List whose existence is confirmed by inscriptions from the same period.

He famously subjugated the land of Elam.

- It doesn't matter if the kings of the list are historical or not, they are supposed to have reigned for a very long period which is impossible to believe!

- But the more we go away from the beginning of the list, the shorter the periods the kings are said to have reigned are and thus more realistic!
 
Writing (70)

Sumerian king list:

Do we know anything about the king of Kis, Agga, except from the Sumerian king list?

Meaning of the Sumerian word agga

The Sumerian word agga refers to a specific king of Kish who was a rival of Gilgamesh and is famously featured in the epic poem "Gilgameš and Agga". As a proper noun, "Agga" (also spelled Aga or Akka) does not have a general lexical meaning in Sumerian but rather identifies a historical figure who ruled Kish.

Aga of Kish

  • A historical figure: Aga was the king of Kish around 2700 BC.
A character in an epic: His story is told in the Sumerian epic "Gilgameš and Agga," where he serves as Gilgameš's powerful antagonist before becoming a subordinate figure.

A ruler at a city's peak: The Kishite king ruled the city of Kish during its most prosperous time, possibly extending his influence over areas like Umma and Zabala.
 
Writing (71)

Sumerian king list:

Then Kiš was defeated and the kingship was taken to Eanna.
In Eanna, Meš-ki'ag-gašer, son of Utu, became lord and king; he ruled for 324 years. Meš-ki'ag-gašer entered the sea and disappeared.
Enmekar, son of Meš-ki'ag-gašer, the king of Uruk, who built Uruk, became king; he ruled for 420 years.
The divine Lugal-banda, the shepherd, ruled for 1200 years.
The divine Dumuzi, the fisherman, whose city was Ku'ara, ruled for 100.
Gilgameš, whose father was an invisible being, the lord of Kulaba, ruled for 126 years.
Ur-Nungal, son of the divine Gilgameš, ruled for 30 years.
Udul-kalama, son of Ur-Nungal, ruled for 15 years.
La-bašer ruled for 9 years.
Ennun-dara-ana ruled for 8 years.
Mešhe, the smith, ruled for 36 years.
Melem-ana ruled for 6 years.
Lugal-ki-GIN ruled for 36 years.
Twelve kings ruled for 2310 years.
 
Writing (72)

Sumerian king list:

What do we know about the Sumerian city of Eanna?

Eanna was a prominent temple complex within the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk, dedicated to the goddess Inanna. It was an important religious, urban, and administrative center, managing economic activities and agricultural resources like grain, textiles, and livestock, with records kept on cuneiform tablets. The complex featured innovative Sumerian architecture, including courtyards and altars, and served as a sacred sanctuary and a hub for community life and trade, reflecting Inanna's central role in Sumerian society.
Key Aspects of Eanna
  • Religious Center: Eanna was the principal shrine and residence of Inanna, the Sumerian goddess of love, beauty, and war.
Location and Decline
  • Uruk: Eanna was located in the city of Uruk, one of the earliest and most important Sumerian urban centers.
  • Decline: Uruk, and thus Eanna, eventually fell into decline due to factors including the Euphrates River changing course, over-irrigation, shifting trade routes, and the rise of rival powers like Akkad and Babylon. The city was ultimately abandoned by the 3rd century AD.
Urban and Administrative Hub: As a major part of Uruk, Eanna functioned as a significant economic center, managing vast resources and agricultural estates.
Economic Significance: The temple complex controlled the redistribution of goods, managing a large workforce of artisans, scribes, and priests who were involved in managing and recording economic transactions.
Architectural Innovation: The complex showcased advancements in Sumerian architecture and urban planning, featuring large courtyards, distinct rooms, and intricate carvings.
Cultural Importance: Eanna was a central part of Sumerian socio-political and cultural life, with control over the temple granting both religious and material power. Its importance is highlighted in texts like the Epic of Gilgamesh.

- Interesting: we aren’t told about a city but a part of the city of Uruk!

- Definitely unusual!
 
Writing (73)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word meš-ki'ag-gašer

The name "meš-ki'ag-gašer" means something akin to "the king who is the lord of the land" or "he whose lineage is the lord of the land" in Sumerian, derived from the terms "meš" (lord), "ki-ag" (loved one, beloved), and "gašer" (king). Meš-ki'ag-gašer was a significant figure in the Sumerian King List, identified as a descendant of the sun god Utu and founder of the first dynasty of Uruk.

Here's a breakdown of the potential meaning:

  • Meš: (or meš-ki-aĝ-gašer): The initial element meš can be interpreted as "lord" or "man".
  • Ki'ag: This compound means "loved one" or "beloved".
  • Gašer: This term translates to "king".
Therefore, a combined interpretation of the name suggests a royal lineage or individual of high status, perhaps emphasizing a beloved kingly figure who is also the lord of the land.

Meš-ki'ag-gašer's importance is further highlighted by his being the "son of Utu" (the sun god), his rule in Uruk, and the symbolic journey into the sea.
 
Writing (74)

Sumerian king list:


Do we know anything about the king of Uruk,Meš-ki'ag-gašer, except from the Sumerian king list?


No, we do not know anything about Meš-ki'ag-gašer, the purported king of Uruk, except from the Sumerian King List, as he is considered a mythical figure whose reign may have been a fabrication during the Ur III period. His hybrid name, mythological journey, and lack of appearance in other poems or hymns beyond the King List all suggest his historicity is dubious and may have been created to establish a royal lineage for his son, Enmerkar.

Evidence Suggesting Meš-ki'ag-gašer is Mythical

  • Lack of other texts: Meš-ki'ag-gašer is not mentioned in any poems or hymns, unlike his successor Enmerkar.
Significance of the Sumerian King List

  • The Sumerian King List is a historical text that chronicles the kings of Sumer, but it includes mythical rulers alongside historical ones.
Hybrid name: His name, Meš-ki'ag-gašer, is a Sumerian-Akkadian hybrid, with the element "MES" appearing in historical royal names from Ur.

Fabricated lineage: Scholars suspect his reign, and the entire first Uruk dynasty's sequence, was fabricated during the Ur III period to legitimize a royal line, according to De Gruyter Brill.

Mythological journey: His supposed feat of "entering the sea and coming out to the mountains" is a symbolic journey compared to the sun's daily path, reinforcing his divine status and mythological nature.

Purpose of the fabrication: The fabrication of this king may have served to separate the god Utu from being the biological father of Enmerkar, instead giving him a royal descendant.

It was not a strictly historical document but had a political purpose: to legitimize the rule of a single dominant power, even if it meant misrepresenting simultaneous rulers as sequential.
 
Writing (75)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Enmekar

The exact meaning of the Sumerian name Enmekar is unclear, though some scholars suggest "kar" may mean "hunter" and that the name could be linked to "the lord (is/has) a glowing giant snake". Enmekar is a legendary Sumerian king of Uruk, famous for his connection to the epic tale Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, his construction of Uruk, and being credited with inventing writing.

Possible Meanings

  • "Hunter": One theory is that the "kar" in "Enmekar" could mean "hunter," making his name "Enmer the Hunter".
Significance of the Name

  • King of Uruk: Enmekar is known as a king who built Uruk, the great Sumerian city-state.
Historical Context

  • Enmekar is featured in tales that are some of the earliest examples of epic poetry, with his story predating the Epic of Gilgamesh, notes a Facebook post.
"The Lord has a glowing giant snake": Another interpretation, though still uncertain, proposes that the name might mean "the Lord (is/has) a glowing giant snake".

Legendary Inventor of Writing: In Sumerian legend, Enmekar is credited with inventing writing, a pivotal moment in history, according to a report on Facebook.

Epic Hero: He is the subject of epic stories, such as Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, which describes his conflicts with the city of Aratta.

The epic Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta is a key source of information about the history and culture of the Sumero-Iranian border area.
 
Writing (76)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Lugal-banda

The Sumerian name Lugalbanda means "young king" or "fierce king". The name is composed of "lugal," meaning "king," and "banda," which can mean "young," "junior," or "fierce". He is a legendary hero and semi-divine figure in Sumerian mythology, considered a king of Uruk and the father of the famous king Gilgamesh.

Key Aspects of Lugalbanda:

  • Name Meaning: Derived from the Sumerian words lugal (king) and banda (young, fierce, or small).
Mythological Figure: He is a significant character in Sumerian literature, appearing in stories such as Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave and Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird.

King of Uruk: The Sumerian King List mentions him as the second king of Uruk.

Father of Gilgamesh: He is known as the father of the hero-king Gilgamesh, connecting him to the later epic of Gilgamesh.

Heroic Deeds: His stories feature him as a hero who displays qualities like kindness, endurance, and resilience.
 
Writing (77)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Dumuzi

The Sumerian word Dumuzi (Dumuzid) means "true son" or "true son of the waters" and refers to the Sumerian god of pastures, shepherds, and vegetation, who was the first consort of the goddess Inanna. He represents the cycle of nature, dying and reviving with the seasons, and is also known by his Babylonian name, Tammuz.

Key aspects of Dumuzi:

  • Meaning: The name signifies "true son" or "true son of the waters".
Deity of: He was the god of pastures, shepherds, and the life-giving aspects of vegetation.

Inanna's consort: He was the first and primary husband of the goddess Inanna, the Mesopotamian goddess of love, beauty, and war.

Myth of death and rebirth: Dumuzi's myth is a central example of a dying-and-resurrecting god archetype in ancient religions, dying and returning to the underworld each year, with his revival symbolizing the renewed fertility of the earth in spring.

Tammuz: He is known as Tammuz in Babylonian tradition and by similar names in other Semitic cultures.
 
Writing (78)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Gilgameš

The Sumerian name Gilgameš, also known as Bilgames, is generally translated as "the (kinsman) is a hero" or sometimes "the forebearer is a hero". The original Sumerian form of the name was Bilgames, with "Bil" referring to a type of familial relation or "offshoot," and "games" meaning "hero".

Here's a breakdown of the meaning:

  • Origin: The name evolved from the Sumerian form Bilgames to the later Akkadian form Gilgamesh, which is the modern name.
Component Meaning:

  • Bilga: This Sumerian word can mean "fruit" or "offshoot," referring to something that is fertile or a direct descendant. It can also refer to familial relations.

Mes: This component means "hero" or a designation of a type of tree.

Overall Translation: Therefore, the combined meaning is often interpreted as "the (kinsman) is a hero," signifying a heroic or outstanding figure within their family or lineage.
 
Writing (79)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Ur-Nungal

Ur-nungal, son of Gilgamesh, is written in cuneiform. Nungal is a set phrase meaning “the great gods, the major Sumerian pantheon members” in Sumerian, and is preceded by the deity classifier , which appears in the middle of his name; Ur-nungal therefore means “servant (ur) of the great gods”.
 
Writing (80)

Sumerian king list:

1 Meaning of the Sumerian word Udul-kalama

Udul-kalama (died c. 2605 BC) was the seventh Sumerian ruler in the First Dynasty of Uruk, according to the Sumerian King List. He may have been a son of Ur-Nungal and grandson of Gilgamesh. However, unlike his predecessors, he left no other known documents or relics mentioning his name, and he may have been one of several minor kings of Uruk added to the list, who reigned when hegemony was actually held by the first dynasty of Ur.

2 Ur-Nungal was once a child and man that acted very much the same way his father did before his journey for immortality. Upon loving and losing the love of his life. Ur-Nungal changed into a man that was very much like his father as a child. Tolerant, Wise, Fair and Moral. He became a king who put his kingdom and his people ahead of himself. He loved the people and showered them with many riches.

3 Generous and Kind to those he viewed as good. He assisted his people however he could, bestowing happiness upon all. As a lawmaker who built from his father's first law of Judgement being left to Man. Ur-Nungal made a code of laws that all others follow after which he strictly adheres to unless they prove to be unfair and cruel to the people. He had improved his kingdom even further from the work his father had made. Achieving absolute order and peace with the happiness of the people. Upon criminals and evil he becomes a different man. Harsh, Relentless and Taunting. He had personally sought out murderers, rapists, thieves and other cold hearted people that made the lives of others hell. He served the role of both Judge and Executioner.

4 Unlike his father he had no quarrel with dirtying his hands to dish out justice and retribution. Though harsh he is fair. Never issuing a punishment that is far more or far less than required. It is evil and corrupt people that face the overwhelming, staggering arrogance and pompousness akin to his father. The only ones that Ur-Nungal will relentlessly taunt, insult, preferably using the word mongrel. Though he does not underestimate his opponents and will snuff out any chance of a mongrel getting the upper hand over him. To those that seek salvation for their sins and crimes. He is the kind and great king that achieved a utopia. Willing to guide the attoned on a path of righteousness and light for a better life. He views the gods as guides and guardians of the world to assist humanity but like his father no longer the rulers of humanity as that is now left for humans to take.

5 As it was when his father or even so far back as the first King of Sumer, this decree was made. He does show pride outside of hunting down the guilty. He is proud of his family heritage and will not hesitate to shout his identity and bloodline if he so chooses. Punishing anyone who shows disrespect. He holds his father in high regards, though their philosophies on kingship differ, he praises him as being the greatest king and hero. He wonders if he had made his father proud.

Backstory

6 Born to Gilgamesh and Arammu, a daughter of Dumuzid, The Shepard. Ur-Nungal was born at the time of his father's rule after his journey for immortality. Born in an era of peace and prosperity. No treasure or joy was kept from the child, experiencing all the world had to offer at a relatively young age. The child's personality was identical to that of the tyrant king that ruled before his journey. Only tamed by his father's wisdom and his mother's compassion. When the time came of his father's passing with his mother passing a few years before.

7 Ur-Nungal ruled very much like the immature Hero King of old did to the dismay of the people. Indulging himself in every joy available from wine, festivities, food, women and all. It all changed when he met a young woman named Aya who acted as a servant of the palace. She was different from all the rest, the King had laid with.

8 Defiant, passionate and strong that complimented the compassion and beauty that laid within her. At their meeting the servant girl had stood up before the King, scolding him for mistreating his subjects, even with threats of execution did the woman not silence herself. It was unlike anything he had ever seen and he was captivated by her. The King apologized to the surprise of all, calling for everyone but her to leave the throne room to which he allowed the servant to explain how he had mistreated his subjects. She did more, she showed. Disguising the King as a commoner they went across the kingdom with Aya asking any citizen possible their opinions of the King. Many scared to say, the few brave ones let loose their thoughts. Though the King still keeps a glorious city, his harsh treatment burdens and pains his subjects. Granted a new perspective on the life of his people.

9 The next day, Ur-Nungal made Aya a personal handmaiden of the King and a secret advisor. Both teaching each other on their sides of life and drawing a close relationship with one another. Aya at their first day of meeting saw the kindness and strength within the King that was barred by a sense of entitlement and selfishness. Over time the King grew into the tolerant, fair, wise and kind ruler the people adored and worshiped. Ur-Nungal and Aya held a deep love for each other. They were inseparable. At the Euphrates river before the stars, Ur-Nungal proposed to Aya and the next day announced to the kingdom of Uruk his new queen. The King granted his wife an elixir of longevity. The King and Queen bore a son, ruling for 10 years together before tragedy struck.

10 The Queen had been found dead in their bedchambers, a decorated knife stabbed through her heart. The King was furious. He declared martial law allowing no one to leave or enter the city until the murderer was found. He personally searched the whole city until he found the man. Vengeance consuming him he mercilessly beat the man to a bloody mess until he stopped to catch his breath. Now hearing the pleas of the murderer. Guilt, Confusion and Sorrow all came from his voice to the confusion of the King. The King questioned the man to which he only replied that he did not know what happened, he came across a beautiful maiden who gave him a mesmerizing stare, everything went black and when he awakened he found himself in a position of having stabbed the Queen.

11 The King was in a conflict. He had searched for vengeance for months and wanted to claim it. In his mind raced words from both his late mother and wife of compassion and forgiveness. Having found no lie in the man's words, relented, realizing that cold blooded murder is not what his wife would desire. He took the man to his palace, having his servants nurse him to health before releasing him into the village. Lifting martial law and announcing to the public that the murderer had been slain to give closure.

12 The next 10 years he spent raising his son, Udul-kalama, with the help of the court. He created a code of laws that molded his city into one of absolute order to crush a high crime wave that swept the city. He had enforced his laws personally. Hunting down any criminals that harmed the lives of others. Having even broken into a home to stop a murder in progress and dragged him all across Uruk for all to see before being executed by the King's hands. All to honor the memory of his late queen so no one else may suffer his pain. The last 10 years of the King's rule was spent battling against a surge of barbarians and neighboring cities trying to conquer Uruk.

13 At the start of the defense, the 10 years of law enforcement the King had done earned the favor of his ancestor. Utu, The Sun God. Who granted Ur-Nungal his armory to defend his city and continue his lifelong quest of bringing justice. For 10 years he decimated any that dare take the city with his armies. Proving himself a capable leader and warrior. Upon his final year his armies marched far beyond Uruk into the cedar forest to eliminate one final stronghold of the barbarians. They stood before a monument statue of Gilgamesh, built to commemorate his victory over the beast, Humbaba.

14 It was there they encountered a royal maiden who leaned against the statue to the confusion of all. The maiden then struck the statue and made it fall to the ground. The maiden revealed herself to be Ishtar and then showed her trap. There was no stronghold to be found. There is only war and death. Death of the Queen, death of those who died defending the city, death to the King and his army. What the framed man had said all those years ago was true. The maiden was Ishtar. When asked why cause all this suffering and pain. The reply was to exterminate the line that denied her and the gods. If she could not have her chosen love neither will anyone of his line. Humanity shall not go on living free from the gods.

15 With that fact she manipulated the enemies of Uruk that the kingdom is weak, dying and ripe for the taking. The mad goddess unleashed a whole horde of divine beasts that slaughtered the army of the King despite his best efforts. The King with his armory slew the beasts that killed his men then utilized all of his power to battle the goddess and defeat her. The battle left the King in critical condition and the goddess exhausted much of her power. When the goddess attempted to flee, the King let loose his chains to bind the goddess and with all his life force. Bound the goddess to the fallen statue of his father for eternity. An ironic punishment. The King drew his last breaths before bearing witness to the spirits of his family and wife smiling at him. Taking their hands they guided him off to the afterlife where in the forest the body of the King stood on his knees dead.

16 Uruk was saved and Its people avenged. The army of the city had found his body, 3 days later and took him back to the city where all the kingdom mourned his death. Soon after the Kingdom of Uruk will have Its new king. Udul-Kulama. The son of the man who ruled his kingdom with kindness and love. Who enforced justice and truth. Granted salvation to those seeking better lives. A man who served as an inspiration and a figure of greatness. He had avenged his kingdom and his family. He died at peace as the King of all Judges, A Great King of Uruk and the first Hero of Justice.

Epilogue

17 The Fate of Ishtar. Ishtar pleaded across the skies, her loud cries being heard from even the heavens for freedom. To silence her, Utu emerged a day before the King was taken to Uruk for burial. Explaining that the strife she has caused has pushed the line many times but her propaganda and war mongering has caused much destruction throughout Sumer. Angering the gods. As punishment, Ishtar would be bound to this statue for as long as Anu saw fit. Utu had bound his armory to the spirit of Ur-Nungal. Assuring no one else will reap his power. So his tools faded along with the spirit of the fallen King as it passed on to the afterlife all but the chain. Leaving Ishtar in despair. The goddess would be imprisoned for 500 years had she not been released to help resolve a calamity threatening the land of the living. Where she would redeem not only her crimes against humanity but to the very family that she had scorned. The bloodline of her beloved brother. Thus with her release, the chain disappears and returns to its master.
 
Writing (81)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Udul-kalama

Udul-kalama (died c. 2605 BC) was the seventh Sumerian ruler in the First Dynasty of Uruk, according to the Sumerian King List. He may have been a son of Ur-Nungal and grandson of Gilgamesh. However, unlike his predecessors, he left no other known documents or relics mentioning his name, and he may have been one of several minor kings of Uruk added to the list, who reigned when hegemony was actually held by the first dynasty of Ur.

Udul-kalama's name is written in cuneiform. The kalama element is easy, meaning "of the land" or "in the land". However, I don't know of this combination of signs for udul having a separate meaning - udul, written with other signs like or , usually means "chief herdsman". I wouldn't be surprised if it means "chief herdsman of the land", just with an odd selection of cuneiform signs.
 
Writing (82)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word La-bašer

Meaning of the Sumerian word Ennun-dara-ana

- There is no translation!

- Probably because he is supposed to have reigned for a few years!
 
Writing (83)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Mešhe

The term "Mešhe" is not a recognized word in the Sumerian language. It may be a misinterpretation of similar-sounding words like mesh (meaning cross or joining) or mes (meaning hero), or it could be confused with the Arabic word shemagh (a head covering) which some sources claim has a possible Sumerian origin.

  • Possible confusion with mesh : The word mesh (or similar variations) is believed by some to be an ancient Sumerian word for "cross," the joining of vertical and horizontal lines, with a connection to the English words "enmeshed" and "mish-mash," according to this Facebook post.
Possible confusion with mes : This is an alternative form of the Sumerian word for "hero," notes Wiktionary.

Possible confusion with shemagh : Some sources suggest the Arabic shemagh (a head covering) comes from the Sumerian Ash Mach, meaning "head cover" or "cover of the glorified/noble man," with some believing the pattern on it mimicked fishing nets or waves, and noting that the word is not known by Arabs but is an ancient Sumerian term, according to this Facebook post.
 
Writing (84)

Sumerian king list:

Meaning of the Sumerian word Melem-ana

Melem-Ana of Unug (died c. 2546 BC) was the 11th lugal of the First Dynasty of Uruk. He ruled in Mesopotamia in what is now Iraq. Little is known about Melem-ana.

The Sumerian King List places him after Mesh-he and he would have ruled for 6 years. It is believed he died around the year 2546 BC. Whether Lugal-kitun succeeded him, however, is not completely established.
 
Back
Top