I'll do my best. Honestly, the best way to understand them is in the Biblical usage of them but I can give you a basic idea.
*Holy/holiness
Absolutely sinless. God's holiness is absolute purity. The very meaning of holy, in terms of anything else, simply means set apart for God. This means that in order to be holy, we must be fully God's and God's alone. This is impossible to achieve in this life but we are to strive for it nonetheless. However, we are to know that we will only achieve it by the grace of God alone.
*Glory
This has various meanings. Regarding God Himself, it is His radiance. It is everything pure and holy about Him. Regarding all else, it is what we give to God. Our entire purpose in Creation is to bring glory to God. It is to magnify His name and show His power, be it in His love or through His wrath. In the end, everything will exalt His name.
*sovereign
Many take this to mean that God is in control. However, they change it to mean in the hypothetical sense. They say that God is in control by releasing control. Out of this, they gain their own sense of freedom while still saying they only have it because God allowed them to in His sovereignty. However, this defeats the purpose of sovereignty as well as the picture painted in Scripture. The sovereignty of God is not merely His ability to control all things but His absolute control of all things. Nothing happens outside the hand of God. While He is not the author of evil, even evil only happens within the realm of His sovereignty.
*redeem
This is what Christ has done for us. Before the foundation of the world, the Father gave the Son his sheep. Christ has come to collect his sheep and has promised that, in the end, he will raise each and every one of us up and that he will lose none. We have been redeemed by the blood of Christ that we may be reconciled to the Father through the Son to be adopted as joint heirs with Christ.
*righteousness
This goes back to purity. Christ was spotless. He was fully righteous. On the flip side, we were dead in our trespasses and sin. Through the atonement, we have not only been reconciled to the Father but we have also been regenerated by the Spirit. Just as Christ became sin by taking our sins and placing them on himself, his righteousness is imputed to us and we are kept in communion with the Father as a result. Judicially speaking, Christ took the punishment that had to be dealt while allowing us to go free as innocent. The innocent is not from within ourselves as we are guilty in actuality. However, from an atoning standpoint, God sees us as righteous because of the righteousness of His Son that has been transferred to us.
