tulsa 2011
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However, there are differences between the three earlier English translations - the Tyndale, Geneva and KJV - and the recent Bible versions that are due to the differences between the Textus Receptus and the Westcott-Hort Greek texts.
Look at Romans 8: 1.
"There is then no damnation to them which are in Christ Jesu, which walk not after the flesh: but after the spirit. " Tyndale Bible, Romans 8: 1
" Now then there is no condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus, which walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit." Geneva Bible, Romans 8: 1
"There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit." King James Version, Romans 8: 1
"There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus." New Revised Standard Version
"Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus," New International Version
What happened to "who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit?"
The Westcott-Hort Greek is the problem. It says "ουδεν αρα νυν κατακριμα τοις εν χριστω ιησου." "There is therefore now no condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus." But the Textus Receptus says "ουδεν αρα νυν κατακριμα τοις εν χριστω ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα." μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα, not according to the flesh (sarka), but according to the Spirit (pneuma) is left out. Westcott and Hort claimed that the shorter verse wordings are the best because they are older.
This is a change in a doctrine in the Westcott-Hort Greek text. Yet the church Christians conditioned to prefer the new Bible versions will argue that the new versions are right and the King James is wrong. One problem is the tendency to rely upon single verses, which can be a compartmentalized kind of approach to understanding the doctrines of scripture. Although Romans 8: 4 does say, in the NIV, "In order that the righteous requirement of the law might be fully met in us, who do not live according to the flesh but according to the Spirit," some will still use Romans 8: 1 alone, which does not say anything about not walking in the flesh and about being led by the Holy Spirit.
For many verses, though not for all, the Westcott-Hort 1881 Greek text has shorter verse wordings than the Textus Receptus. Romans 8: 1 is one of those verses which is shorter in the Westcott-Hort Greek text. The shorter verse wording, in this case, presents a different doctrine than does the Textus Receptus. The Textus Receptus for Romans 8: 1 does not just elaborate on the doctrine that there is no condemnation for one who is in Christ, but it adds to that doctrine in saying that to not be in condemnation one must also walk after the Spirit, or have the Holy Spirit and not walk after the flesh.
Westcott and Hort made assumptions to justify replacing the Textus Receptus and the three early English translations from it.
They made assumptions to justify their replacement of the Textus Receptus by a text they made from the Alexandarian Greek texts called the Vaticanus and the Siniaticus.
Westcott and Hort (1881) wrote that the Bible is
to be considered as an ancient manuscript, no better and no worse than
other ancient manuscripts. This starting point denies that the Bible
is inspired by God.
A summary of the assumptions of Westcott and Hort that they used to
select the Alexandrian Greek texts and reject the Textus Receptus can
be found in the book by Eldon Jay Epp and Gordon D.
Fee, Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual
Criticism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.
http://www.biblebeliever.co.za/King James/believes_westcott_hort.htm
ASSUMPTIONS OF WESTCORT AND HORT:
1. Earlier Greek manuscripts are closer to the original writings of
the Apostles
2. A scribe usually went about
blending the texts available to him
trying to make improvements to the text; This is what they call
conflation.
3. Older manuscripts have fewer corruptions.
4. Shorter readings are preferred.
5. More awkward sentence grammar is preferred.
Westcott and. Hort claimed that a shorter
reading of a New Testament verse is closer to the original autograph
should be used in translation.
But what they did, in effect, was set up their critical rules to
reject many longer verse readings in the Textus Receptus and accept
the shorter readings of the Alexandrian Greek texts, the Vaticanus
and Sinaiticus.
They assumed, to justify their use of the Vaticanus and Sinaiticus, that these texts, supposedly from the fourth century A.D., were superior to the existing Byzantine copies then in existence, some of which Erasmus used to create the Textus Receptus, because these Byzantine copies were not nearly as old as the Vaticanus and Sinaiticus.
The Byzantine texts that Erasmus used were from the 11th to the 15th century.
But assumptions without facts behind them may not tell the truth. Other assumptions can be made about the differences between the 4th century Vaticanus and Sinaiticus and the copies of the Byzantine texts from the 11th to 15th centuries. Since Vaticanus and Sinaiticus survived in fairly good condition, it can be assumed these manuscripts survived because they were not used very much. In other words, Christians thought these were inferior manuscripts and read others instead.
It is a fact that manuscripts survived better in the dry climate of Egypt than in the somewhat more humid climate of what is now Syria, Turkey and other parts of the Byzantine empire.
Since the many Byzantine copies in existence agree well with each other, it can be assumed that the Byzantine scribes were faithful in making copies down through the centuries. In other words, contrary to the assumption of Westcott and Hort the Byzantine scribes did not make major changes in verse wordings over the centuries.
And - at the time Westcott and Hort wrote, in 1881, evidence from more recent
Papyri findings was not known to Bible scholars.
Majority Text vs. Critical Text: Part One
Many Papyri fragments of the New Testament contain Byzantine readings,
that is, the verse wordings are more similar to the Byzantine Greek
text than to the Alexandarian text, used by Westcott and Hort for
their 1881 Greek text, and from which almost all recent New testrament
versions were translated.
"Harry Sturz discusses these "distinctively Byzantine" readings in his
book, The Byzantine Text-Type and New Testament Textual Criticism."
"The most important of these discoveries was several Egyptian papyri.
Sturz lists "150 distinctively Byzantine readings" found in these
papyri. Included in his list are papyri numbers 13, 45, 46, 47, 49,
59, 66, 72, 74, and 75 (pp.61, 145-159)."
What Sturz is saying is that many early Papyri Greek texts agree with
the verse wordings of the Byzantine or Textus Receptus type Greek text
more than with the Alexandrian or Westcott-Hort type Greek text.
"Sturz concludes, "In view of the above, it is concluded that the
papyri supply valid evidence that distinctively Byzantine readings
were not created in the fourth century but were already in existence
before the end of the second century and that, because of this,
Byzantine readings merit serious consideration" (p.69)."
"Aland says all but one of the these early papyri, "... are from Egypt
where the hot, dry sands preserved the papyri through the centuries."
Meanwhile, in Asia Minor and Greece (eastern areas), "... the climate
in these regions has been unfavorable to the preservation of any
papyri from the early period" (pp.59,67)."
The writer of this site then says "So it is not surprising many early
papyri have been found which reflect the Alexandrian text since this
text existed in Egypt. But even some of these Egyptian papyri, as
mentioned above, contain Byzantine and even Western readings."
Translations and the Greek Text
That is, in the second century A.D. there were Byzantine type verse
wordings in existence as shown by a few Papyri from that period. This
does not necessarily mean that the Byzantine wordings, probably
originating in Antioch, Syria, did not exist in ever earlier times.
The writer of this site then points out that "When one considers that
there are only a minority of the various text-types that vary, they
all must have a common ancestor. Thus those who reject the Byzantine
text do not have an easy task to prove their position. Their position
is much more difficult than Hort thought."
"Early Church Fathers' quotations do not support Westcott-Hort's text
either. This is even recognized by those who do not support the TR.
(Textus Receptus) Price, who does not support the TR, when writing
about recent progress in textual criticism, said, "The Westcott-Hort
'Neutral' text was found to be practically without support in the
earliest fathers.
So, more recent papyri findings show that the usually longer Byzantine
verse wordings existed before the 4th century when Vaticanus and Sinaiticus
were created . This evidence shows that the Byzantine text type is
as old as the Aledxandarian text type with its generally shorter verse wordings.
Look at Romans 8: 1.
"There is then no damnation to them which are in Christ Jesu, which walk not after the flesh: but after the spirit. " Tyndale Bible, Romans 8: 1
" Now then there is no condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus, which walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit." Geneva Bible, Romans 8: 1
"There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit." King James Version, Romans 8: 1
"There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus." New Revised Standard Version
"Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus," New International Version
What happened to "who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit?"
The Westcott-Hort Greek is the problem. It says "ουδεν αρα νυν κατακριμα τοις εν χριστω ιησου." "There is therefore now no condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus." But the Textus Receptus says "ουδεν αρα νυν κατακριμα τοις εν χριστω ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα." μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα, not according to the flesh (sarka), but according to the Spirit (pneuma) is left out. Westcott and Hort claimed that the shorter verse wordings are the best because they are older.
This is a change in a doctrine in the Westcott-Hort Greek text. Yet the church Christians conditioned to prefer the new Bible versions will argue that the new versions are right and the King James is wrong. One problem is the tendency to rely upon single verses, which can be a compartmentalized kind of approach to understanding the doctrines of scripture. Although Romans 8: 4 does say, in the NIV, "In order that the righteous requirement of the law might be fully met in us, who do not live according to the flesh but according to the Spirit," some will still use Romans 8: 1 alone, which does not say anything about not walking in the flesh and about being led by the Holy Spirit.
For many verses, though not for all, the Westcott-Hort 1881 Greek text has shorter verse wordings than the Textus Receptus. Romans 8: 1 is one of those verses which is shorter in the Westcott-Hort Greek text. The shorter verse wording, in this case, presents a different doctrine than does the Textus Receptus. The Textus Receptus for Romans 8: 1 does not just elaborate on the doctrine that there is no condemnation for one who is in Christ, but it adds to that doctrine in saying that to not be in condemnation one must also walk after the Spirit, or have the Holy Spirit and not walk after the flesh.
Westcott and Hort made assumptions to justify replacing the Textus Receptus and the three early English translations from it.
They made assumptions to justify their replacement of the Textus Receptus by a text they made from the Alexandarian Greek texts called the Vaticanus and the Siniaticus.
Westcott and Hort (1881) wrote that the Bible is
to be considered as an ancient manuscript, no better and no worse than
other ancient manuscripts. This starting point denies that the Bible
is inspired by God.
A summary of the assumptions of Westcott and Hort that they used to
select the Alexandrian Greek texts and reject the Textus Receptus can
be found in the book by Eldon Jay Epp and Gordon D.
Fee, Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual
Criticism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.
http://www.biblebeliever.co.za/King James/believes_westcott_hort.htm
ASSUMPTIONS OF WESTCORT AND HORT:
1. Earlier Greek manuscripts are closer to the original writings of
the Apostles
2. A scribe usually went about
blending the texts available to him
trying to make improvements to the text; This is what they call
conflation.
3. Older manuscripts have fewer corruptions.
4. Shorter readings are preferred.
5. More awkward sentence grammar is preferred.
Westcott and. Hort claimed that a shorter
reading of a New Testament verse is closer to the original autograph
should be used in translation.
But what they did, in effect, was set up their critical rules to
reject many longer verse readings in the Textus Receptus and accept
the shorter readings of the Alexandrian Greek texts, the Vaticanus
and Sinaiticus.
They assumed, to justify their use of the Vaticanus and Sinaiticus, that these texts, supposedly from the fourth century A.D., were superior to the existing Byzantine copies then in existence, some of which Erasmus used to create the Textus Receptus, because these Byzantine copies were not nearly as old as the Vaticanus and Sinaiticus.
The Byzantine texts that Erasmus used were from the 11th to the 15th century.
But assumptions without facts behind them may not tell the truth. Other assumptions can be made about the differences between the 4th century Vaticanus and Sinaiticus and the copies of the Byzantine texts from the 11th to 15th centuries. Since Vaticanus and Sinaiticus survived in fairly good condition, it can be assumed these manuscripts survived because they were not used very much. In other words, Christians thought these were inferior manuscripts and read others instead.
It is a fact that manuscripts survived better in the dry climate of Egypt than in the somewhat more humid climate of what is now Syria, Turkey and other parts of the Byzantine empire.
Since the many Byzantine copies in existence agree well with each other, it can be assumed that the Byzantine scribes were faithful in making copies down through the centuries. In other words, contrary to the assumption of Westcott and Hort the Byzantine scribes did not make major changes in verse wordings over the centuries.
And - at the time Westcott and Hort wrote, in 1881, evidence from more recent
Papyri findings was not known to Bible scholars.
Majority Text vs. Critical Text: Part One
Many Papyri fragments of the New Testament contain Byzantine readings,
that is, the verse wordings are more similar to the Byzantine Greek
text than to the Alexandarian text, used by Westcott and Hort for
their 1881 Greek text, and from which almost all recent New testrament
versions were translated.
"Harry Sturz discusses these "distinctively Byzantine" readings in his
book, The Byzantine Text-Type and New Testament Textual Criticism."
"The most important of these discoveries was several Egyptian papyri.
Sturz lists "150 distinctively Byzantine readings" found in these
papyri. Included in his list are papyri numbers 13, 45, 46, 47, 49,
59, 66, 72, 74, and 75 (pp.61, 145-159)."
What Sturz is saying is that many early Papyri Greek texts agree with
the verse wordings of the Byzantine or Textus Receptus type Greek text
more than with the Alexandrian or Westcott-Hort type Greek text.
"Sturz concludes, "In view of the above, it is concluded that the
papyri supply valid evidence that distinctively Byzantine readings
were not created in the fourth century but were already in existence
before the end of the second century and that, because of this,
Byzantine readings merit serious consideration" (p.69)."
"Aland says all but one of the these early papyri, "... are from Egypt
where the hot, dry sands preserved the papyri through the centuries."
Meanwhile, in Asia Minor and Greece (eastern areas), "... the climate
in these regions has been unfavorable to the preservation of any
papyri from the early period" (pp.59,67)."
The writer of this site then says "So it is not surprising many early
papyri have been found which reflect the Alexandrian text since this
text existed in Egypt. But even some of these Egyptian papyri, as
mentioned above, contain Byzantine and even Western readings."
Translations and the Greek Text
That is, in the second century A.D. there were Byzantine type verse
wordings in existence as shown by a few Papyri from that period. This
does not necessarily mean that the Byzantine wordings, probably
originating in Antioch, Syria, did not exist in ever earlier times.
The writer of this site then points out that "When one considers that
there are only a minority of the various text-types that vary, they
all must have a common ancestor. Thus those who reject the Byzantine
text do not have an easy task to prove their position. Their position
is much more difficult than Hort thought."
"Early Church Fathers' quotations do not support Westcott-Hort's text
either. This is even recognized by those who do not support the TR.
(Textus Receptus) Price, who does not support the TR, when writing
about recent progress in textual criticism, said, "The Westcott-Hort
'Neutral' text was found to be practically without support in the
earliest fathers.
So, more recent papyri findings show that the usually longer Byzantine
verse wordings existed before the 4th century when Vaticanus and Sinaiticus
were created . This evidence shows that the Byzantine text type is
as old as the Aledxandarian text type with its generally shorter verse wordings.
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